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عمومی::
کنشگران (بازیگران)خط مشی
Public policies emanate from societies' efforts to affect changes in their own institutional or public behaviour in order to achieve some end goal key policy actors consider to be important.
Policy formulation is part of the process of developing public policies and involves governments and other policy actors asking and answering questions about how societies can deal with various kinds of problems and conditions affecting citizens and organiza- tions in the pursuit of their goals.
Using the various questions about policy formulation posed above as a guide, this Handbook unites scholarship on policy tools and design with that examining policy actors and the roles they play, why and with what effect, in the formulation process.
Part VIII concludes with chapters that discuss trends in contemporary policy formula- tion research and practice such as the significance of movements towards the increased 'politicization' of policy advice, the struggle between proponents of experience- versus evidence-based formulation processes, the changing role of media in influencing and informing policy actors, as well as the phenomenon of the intentional disproportionality of government responses to problems in many circumstances.
As set out above, formulation is that stage of policy-making where a range of available options is considered and then reduced to some set that relevant policy actors, especially in government, can agree may be usefully employed to address a policy issue.
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